Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 This book 4
Notes 6
2 Ought 8
2.1 The meaning of ought 8
2.2 Normative and non-normative oughts 9
2.3 Owned and unowned oughts 12
2.4 Qualified and unqualified oughts 25
Notes 29
3 Objective, Subjective and Prospective Oughts 31
3.1 Sidgwicks View 31
3.2 The need to decide 34
3.3 Objective and prospective oughts 36
3.4 Valuing prospects 41
3.5 Summary 45
Notes 45
4 Reasons 46
4.1 Introduction and preliminaries 46
4.2 Pro toto reasons 49
4.3 Pro tanto reasons 51
4.4 Most reason 62
4.5 Ownership of reasons 65
5 Responding to Reasons 71
5.1 Rationality and responding to reasons 71
5.2 The quick objection 74
5.3 Attitudinal reasons 75
5.4 Sufficiency of reasons 82
Notes 87
6 Responding to Reason-Beliefs 88
6.1 The Enkratic Condition 88
6.2 Meeting your own standards 91
6.3 Responding correctly to P-beliefs 101
6.4 Conclusion 107
Notes 108
7 Requirements 109
7.1 Two sorts of requirement 109
7.2 Property requirements 110
7.3 Source requirements 116
7.4 Logic for requirements? 119
7.5 Ought 126
Notes 129
8 Conditional Requirements 132
8.1 Application and content 132
8.2 Conditional requirements of rationality 134
Notes 146
Appendix to Chapter 8 148
9 Synchronic Rationality 149
9.1 Introduction and method 149
9.2 Consistency 154
9.3 Deduction 157
9.4 Instrumental Rationality 159
9.5 Enkrasia 170
9.6 Bayesian requirements 175
Notes 175
10 Diachronic Rationality 177
10.1 Persistence of Intention 177
10.2 The rationality of doing as you decide 181
10.3 Diachronic requirements on beliefs 185
Notes 69
10.4 Basing prohibitions and basing permissions 186
Notes 191
11 Rationality and Normativity 192
11.1 The Normative Question 192
11.2 More on rationality and reasons 193
11.3 Is rationality derivatively normative? 197
11.4 Is rationality non-derivatively normative? 204
Notes 205
12 Higher-Order Reasoning 206
12.1 The reasoning process 206
12.2 Reasoning through an intention 210
12.3 Reasoning with judgement-sensitive attitudes 216
12.4 One more point 219
Notes 220
13 First-Order Reasoning 221
13.1 The reasoning process 221
13.2 Necessary and sufficient conditions for reasoning 225
13.3 Operating on contents 231
13.4 Reasoning as activity 235
13.5 Reasoning at the first order 242
13.6 The direction of reasoning 243
13.7 Correct belief reasoning 246
Notes 248
14 Practical Reasoning 250
14.1 Reasoning with attitudes other than beliefs 250
14.2 Correctness 255
14.3 Choosing a means 261
14.4 Hypothesizing 264
Notes 265
15 Explicit Reasoning 267
15.1 Markers 267
15.2 Bayesian and expressivist reasoning 275
15.3 Reasoning with absences 278
15.4 Theoretical and practical reasoning 281
15.5 Intention reasoning with other markers 285
Notes 286
16 Enkratic Reasoning 288
16.1 Enkratic reasoning 288
16.2 Humean objections 291
16.3 Conclusion 294
Notes 294
Bibliography 295
Index 303
